Abstract: Bioremediation technology is a low-cost and environment-friendly sustainable remediation technology, but it requires a longer time to repair. In this study, the method of chemical oxidation-enhanced bioreactor remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil was used to explore its remediation effect. Furthermore, BIOLOG ECO board and high-throughput sequencing technology were used to explore the response mechanism of microbial communities. The results showed that after 240 days of biological remediation, bioremediation (NP) and oxidant-enhanced bioremediation (NP_O) treatments reduced the total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil from 30649 mg·g^–1 to 5889 mg·g^–1 and 2351 mg·g^–1, respectively. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil after oxidation-enhanced bioremediation is lower than that of the national risk control value (GB 36600—2018). The results of BIOLOG ECO micropore analysis and high-throughput sequencing further showed that the microbial activity in the soil treated with oxidants was quickly restored. Genus Microbacterium, Paracoccus, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Porticoccaceae_C1. B045 were the potential bacterial marker for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in the chemical oxidation-enhanced bioremediation treatment.