Abstract: To scientifically evaluate the wear condition of high-speed railway wheels, a comprehensive evaluation index for wheel wear is proposed based on three key indicators: the weighted slope of the wheel, self-wear degree of the tread, and conformity between the wheel and rail. The correlation and accuracy of this evaluation index with the equivalent taper are verified through the measurement of actual wheel profiles. To achieve rapid and accurate measurement of these indicators, a wheel wear measurement instrument integrating a displacement measurement probe and a positioning magnetic steel device is designed. This instrument accurately assesses the wear condition of the wheel tread, providing solid data support for the reasonable evaluation of the wheel's operational state in the later stages. This research not only enhances the scientific and accurate assessment of the wheel condition but also provides significant technical support for railway transportation safety and maintenance.