Abstract: As an emerging pollutant, the migration characteristics and ecotoxicological effects of microplastics in aquatic environments have become the frontier hotspot and difficult issue in international research. Based on extensive literature research, this review systematically summarizes the environmental behavior and migration mechanisms of microplastics, covering physical, chemical and biological migration pathways. It summarizes the toxic effects on aquatic plants, aquatic animals and the entire aquatic ecosystem from both physical and physiological-biochemical perspectives. The findings provide valuable references for future research on the environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of microplastics in aquatic environments.