Abstract: As an emerging sewage treatment technology, algal-bacteria symbiotic systems offer significant environmental and economic benefits in wastewater treatment. Based on extensive literature research, this paper systematically expounds the symbiotic and competitive relationships between algae and bacteria in the algal-bacteria symbiotic system. It summarizes the key factors influencing wastewater treatment performance from the perspectives of the characteristics of algae and bacteria themselves as well as environmental factors. The study also systematically analyzes the application prospects of the algal-bacteria symbiotic system in wastewater treatment from the aspects of pollutant removal and resource recovery potential. The algal-bacterial symbiotic system not only can efficiently remove nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as heavy metals such as chromium, zinc, and copper from wastewater, but also can convert the recovered biomass into bioenergy and high-value products. This review provides a theoretical basis and technical references for the application of the algal-bacterial symbiotic system in ecological restoration and practical use.